The Correct Expression: “Could Have”

“Could have” is the correct form to use. It consists of the modal verb “could” followed by the auxiliary verb “have.” This phrase is commonly used to indicate:

1. Possibility in the past: Something that was possible but did not happen.
   • Example: “I could have gone to the concert, but I chose to stay home.”
2. Hypothetical situations or regrets in the past.
   • Example: “She could have won the race if she had trained harder.”

Why the Confusion with “Could of”?

The confusion between “could have” and “could of” arises because of how people often pronounce “could have” in spoken English. When said quickly, it often sounds like “could’ve.” This contraction can be misheard or misinterpreted as “could of.” However, “could of” is grammatically incorrect and should be avoided.

Examples of Correct Usage:

• I could have helped you if I had known.
• They could have arrived earlier if there hadn’t been traffic.

Quick Practice:

Choose the correct option to fill in the blank:

1. “She ________ finished the project on time with more resources.”
   • a) could of
   • b) could have

Correct Answer: b) could have