1. In sociological terms, ostracisation represents a fundamental mechanism of social control whereby individuals who violate group norms face systematic exclusion. What does ostracisation most precisely mean?

2. The International Monetary Fund’s structural adjustment programs have been criticized for perpetuating _______ relationships, wherein developing nations maintain formal independence while remaining economically subordinated to Western powers through debt mechanisms and policy conditionalities.

3. Educational institutions have increasingly focused on mainstreaming students with disabilities, integrating them into regular classrooms rather than segregating them in specialized programs. Which word is most synonymous with mainstreaming in this context?

4. A pharmaceutical company published research results that, while technically accurate, were presented misleadingly to emphasize positive outcomes while minimizing adverse effects. In this scenario, the adverb “misleadingly” most precisely indicates that the presentation was:

5. The tech startup, despite its innovative product, found itself unable to compete against the industry juggernaut that dominated the market through aggressive acquisition strategies and vast resources. What would be the most appropriate antonym for “juggernaut” in this context?